Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental health condition that affects how a person behaves and perceives the world.

Medically reviewed by Dr Rehaam Ali Khan 


 It is marked by alternating periods of mania and depression that can vary in severity, frequency, and duration. People who have bipolar disorder often experience significant changes in their mood, energy level, and activity levels.


When someone is in a manic phase of bipolar disorder, they may be overly happy or confident, talking more quickly than usual, having difficulty concentrating or making decisions, taking part in risky behaviors such as spending large amounts of money without thinking about it or engaging in risky sexual behaviors. They may also become irritable or agitated. On the other hand, when someone is in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder, they may feel extremely sad and empty; have decreased energy; find it difficult to concentrate; eat much less or overeat; sleep much less or much more than usual; feel guilty; feel hopeless or helpless; experience thoughts of death or suicide; withdraw from friends and family.


The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors that affect brain development and functioning. While there is no cure for bipolar disorder, there are treatments available that can help manage symptoms such as psychotherapy (including cognitive behavioral therapy) and medications (including antidepressants). These treatments can help individuals regulate their moods more effectively and lead more productive lives.